Python Programming Collections Module - defaultdict collections.defaultdict takes a type not a value It will initialize based on the default value for that type Common mistake: passing a value instead of a callable type Example: defaultdict(list) not defaultdict([]) Cleaner than manually checking if keys exist before accessing Version Control Git Commands and Tricks git log --format="%H" -n 1 | cat outputs the last commit ID Useful for scripting and automation The cat ensures the output is properly formatted %H format specifier gives the full commit hash -n 1 limits to the most recent commit Cloud Infrastructure and DevOps AWS EC2 Free Tier EC2 has a Free tier! I can request a bunch of machines here Great for learning and experimenting with cloud infrastructure Limited resources but sufficient for development and testing Good entry point for understanding cloud computing concepts Juju - Multi-Cloud Orchestration Juju is a tool that helps manage server providers, whether they are GCP, AWS, your own servers or Azure, among others Gives you one way to start, setup and run your servers across different cloud providers Abstracts away cloud provider differences Enables consistent deployment across hybrid and multi-cloud environments Juju Configuration System Juju’s configurations are called charms These are written in Python Charms define how services should be deployed and configured Reusable deployment patterns for common software stacks Community-maintained charm store with pre-built configurations